At the beginning of the 20th century, Europe is living in peace and prosperity. The “Belle Époque” is an outgrowth of previous important historical events and developments. The networks that are created and which evolve funnel both people and their products, tangible and intangible. It is within this multi-layered world that sound recording and sound reproduction is invented. Early record labels send mobile crews literally all over the world to record local musicians. The range of the repertoire is endless. Cosmopolitanism in large urban centers favors polystylisms and polymorphisms. Colonialism, revolutions, conflicts, refugee flows; the theater, cinema, radio, photography, orchestras’ tours, but also circulations in all kinds of commercial channels in a world that evolves dynamically and anisotropically, form a complex network of “centers” and “peripheries” in alternating roles setting musical idioms in motion, both literally and figuratively. The network in which the Greek-speaking urban popular song participates, constantly conversing with its co-tenants, is magnificent. Discography has already provided important tools in understanding the relationships that developed between “national” repertoires. The result of this ongoing research is “Cosmopolitanism in Greek Historical Discography”.

One of these fascinating networks concerns the Spanish world, which, through a variety of paths, meets the Greek one. A key chapter in this influence was the unparalleled international success achieved by a Spanish estudiantina in 1878 in Paris. Following its success, the band toured countless locations around the world. According to the sources, on February 28, 1886, the Spanish estudiantina gave a concert in Constantinople (Istanbul) and on April 26 and 29, 1886, in Athens (for the first Greek estudiantina, see Ordoulidis, 2021a: 88–100 and Ordoulidis, 2021b). The Spanish students mainstream the culture of semi-professional music bands, the culture of the banduria, the mandolin, the guitar, the “tuna”, that is, the street serenades, and the habanera. The latter follows a path that starts from the Afro-Cuban repertoires and ends up being appropriated by Greek musicians, finding its place even in the form of the manes (see, for example, the Smyrneiko minore (Smyrnaean minor), Gramophone 12574b). The network of the theater is a key environment for the circulation of music; and the relationship between the two (music-theater) is more than dynamic. The appropriation by Greek musicians is twofold: on the one hand are the lyrics, which are now in Greek (often, in fact, they have nothing to do with the original ones), and, on the other hand, the performance practices: different instrumentation, different singing style, often differences in melodic and rhythmic forms and in the harmonies. Greek musicians adapt what they hear to their own condition, based on their own capabilities. In 1894, when the play of the then most popular zarzuela “La Gran Vía” was played for the first time, a new path that led to the appearance of the Athenian revue opened. Spanish songs started being adapted into Greek since then. These songs arrived at the Greek-speaking world either directly or indirectly, through other repertoire networks. In any case, the circulation of musics is already a reality before the 20th century with theatrical and musical performances tours, but also with the networks of music publishing houses. Discography was not only embedded in this context, but played a key role in its transformation. In various cases, often due to the great international success of the songs, the resulting network is extremely complex, and contains recordings in countless places, languages and aesthetical frameworks. One such case is the song "Serafina".

This is a Greek adaptation of the Spanish song "Serafina" ("Canción de la Serafina") by composer Joaquín Valverde (Joaquín "Quinito" Valverde Sanjuán, Madrid 2/1/1875 – Mexico 4/11/1918). The song is found in two plays which both premiered in 1911: the first is an operetta entitled "La Rosa de Granada", which was first presented on March 12 at the Théâtre des Varietées in Brussels. The second is the musical comedy "Gente menuda", written by Enrique García vlvarez and Carlos Arniches, which premiered at the Teatro Cómico in Madrid, on May 7.

Based on the sources (see for example here and here), the song "Serafina" gained an unprecedented popularity, something that was reflected from the very beginning in historical discography in various places (Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Poland). For example:

- "Serafina", Zonophone ah 1433 – 63785, Madrid, October 23, 1911
- "Serafina", Odeon xS 1533 – X 68616, Madrid, around 1912
- "Серафина", Zonophone 3602ae – X-2-63235, Vilnius, August 11, 1912
- "Serafina", Columbia 41911 – E 1863, Milan, 1913
- "Серафина", Zonophone R 17563b – X 260993, Saint Petersburg, May 13, 1913
- "Одесситка", Extraphone 23580, Kiev

The three Russian recordings come with interesting information. As one can read on the label of the first recording by Zonophone, the song comes from the operetta "Король веселится" by Rudolf Nelson. Nelson, born Lewysohn, was a German composer from a Jewish family in Prussia. He lived and worked in Berlin. According to the sources, the original title of this operetta is “Hoheit amüsiert sich", which could be translated as "The king is having fun". The libretto was written by Julius Freund. The title of the work that is given on the website of the National Russian Library (Российская государственная библиотека) is as follows: "Король веселится: (Ромео и Джульетта)", that is, "The king is having fun (Romeo and Juliet)". This recording by Zonophone, however, was made in Vilnius, the current capital of Lithuania.

On the second recording, again by Zonophone, the following is written: "испанская шансонетка", that is, "spanish chanson [song]". This time, the recording was made in Saint Petersburg.

The third Russian recording, which has not yet been fully validated, was made in Kiev. It is entitled "Одесситка", which could be translated as "Girl from Odessa". One can realize that very shortly after the premiere of the operetta, recordings appeared in the territories of the Russian Empire, quite far from the main production sites of the work (Madrid, Brussels).

During the First World War, probably in 1915, the song "Guglielmone, Cecco Beppe e Maometto" was based on the melody of "Serafina", to which Italian lyrics of patriotic content were adapted.

A musical score of the song with lyrics in Greek and French was published in Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Internationale publishing house. 

Research and text: Leonardos Kounadis and Nikos Ordoulidis