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Ever since antiquity, music transcription has been the intrinsic way of visual representation of sound, sometimes in detail and sometimes in the form of a guide. Throughout time, the visual capture of music has been the only way to store and preserve it over time, but also the exclusive means of reproducing it. In any case, visual transfer should be considered as an auxiliary tool, since oral dissemination and storage in the memory of artists have been the most timeless techniques for the diffusion of music through time and space. During Europe's so-called "classical" musical period, with its most powerful centers of production, such as today's Austria, Germany, France and Italy, and especially in its path towards Romanticism, music transcription, that is, the musical score, was considered by some composers as the very embodiment of their work.
Understandably, in the modern capitalist world, music transcription, as the primary tool for the substantialization of music, brought under its purview repertoires that were not connected, were not disseminated, and did not function on the basis of their transcription. This offered to the music product sales centers an additional tool to expand their action network: non-scholar musics acquired a convenient way of circulating them, enhancing their popularity, even in places very far from those of their original creation. At the end of the 19th century, however, the phenomenon of sound recording and reproduction rearranged relationships and disrupted the status quo of publishing houses, claiming a share of the market, offering a product that was extremely complete and immediate. The publishing houses tried to react with legal measures, but it became impossible to stop the dynamics of the new phenomenon: the prevalence of commercial discography was now a fact, for most of the 20th century.
As far as non-scholar music is concerned, commercial printed musical scores were publications of the musical texts of songs or instrumental pieces (for the publishing activity in Greece see Lerch-Kalavrytinos, 2003: 4-5). For the needs of musical scores, the songs were arranged mainly (but not only) for piano or for piano and voice, generally without complex performance requirements. Multi-instrumental or technically demanding orchestrations were systematically avoided. The lyrics were printed below the notes of the melodic development of the singing parts and, sometimes, their translations into other languages. For the most part, the musical scores were two or four pages long, and came with a themed front and back cover.
The twelve-page score in question contains eight songs composed by Nikolaos Kokkinos, which, as the title states, form a "tetrachoros". This refers to the Greek adaptation of the quadrille, a dance of European origin that usually consisted of five parts, which in the score are labeled with the term "figure" (σχήμα).
The eight songs that make up the five figures and the titles of the figures (in Greek and French) are as follows:
– Figure A!: From the songs “Koudounakia” (see here) and “An m’agapouses” (If You Loved Me), with lyrics by G.T. (see also here). It is titled “Le Pantalon / Η Περισκελίς” (The Trousers).
– Figure B!: From the songs “To Paraponon” (The Complaint), with lyrics by N. Mataragkas (see here), and "Mi les pos s' elismonisa" (see here και here), with lyrics by D. Tseretopoulos. Titled “L’Été / Το Θέρος” (The Summer).
– Figure C!: From the song “Apogoitefsis” (Disappointment), with lyrics by Evangelos Pantopoulos (see here and here). Titled “La Poule / Η Όρνις” (The Hen).
– Figure D!: From the songs “Tsopanopoulo” (The Little Shepherd), with lyrics by Evangelos Pantopoulos (see also here and here), and "Ela pame sta xena" (see here και here). Titled “La Pastourelle / Η Ποιμενίς” (The Shepherdess).
– Figure E!: From the song “Treli Agapi” (Mad Love), with lyrics by N. Mataragkas (see here). Titled “La Finale / Το Τελικόν” (The Finale).
On the monochrome front cover are printed the title, the composer, the note “For voice and pianoforte,” and the publisher, while on the monochrome back cover there is a catalog of musical publications from the Fexis publishing house.
The musical content of the songs is laid out in a score with a three-staff system (two for piano and one for voice), accompanied by lyrics, and includes dance movement instructions (in French and transliterated Greek).
For more about the song “Koudounakia” see here.
Ever since antiquity, music transcription has been the intrinsic way of visual representation of sound, sometimes in detail and sometimes in the form of a guide. Throughout time, the visual capture of music has been the only way to store and preserve it over time, but also the exclusive means of reproducing it. In any case, visual transfer should be considered as an auxiliary tool, since oral dissemination and storage in the memory of artists have been the most timeless techniques for the diffusion of music through time and space. During Europe's so-called "classical" musical period, with its most powerful centers of production, such as today's Austria, Germany, France and Italy, and especially in its path towards Romanticism, music transcription, that is, the musical score, was considered by some composers as the very embodiment of their work.
Understandably, in the modern capitalist world, music transcription, as the primary tool for the substantialization of music, brought under its purview repertoires that were not connected, were not disseminated, and did not function on the basis of their transcription. This offered to the music product sales centers an additional tool to expand their action network: non-scholar musics acquired a convenient way of circulating them, enhancing their popularity, even in places very far from those of their original creation. At the end of the 19th century, however, the phenomenon of sound recording and reproduction rearranged relationships and disrupted the status quo of publishing houses, claiming a share of the market, offering a product that was extremely complete and immediate. The publishing houses tried to react with legal measures, but it became impossible to stop the dynamics of the new phenomenon: the prevalence of commercial discography was now a fact, for most of the 20th century.
As far as non-scholar music is concerned, commercial printed musical scores were publications of the musical texts of songs or instrumental pieces (for the publishing activity in Greece see Lerch-Kalavrytinos, 2003: 4-5). For the needs of musical scores, the songs were arranged mainly (but not only) for piano or for piano and voice, generally without complex performance requirements. Multi-instrumental or technically demanding orchestrations were systematically avoided. The lyrics were printed below the notes of the melodic development of the singing parts and, sometimes, their translations into other languages. For the most part, the musical scores were two or four pages long, and came with a themed front and back cover.
The twelve-page score in question contains eight songs composed by Nikolaos Kokkinos, which, as the title states, form a "tetrachoros". This refers to the Greek adaptation of the quadrille, a dance of European origin that usually consisted of five parts, which in the score are labeled with the term "figure" (σχήμα).
The eight songs that make up the five figures and the titles of the figures (in Greek and French) are as follows:
– Figure A!: From the songs “Koudounakia” (see here) and “An m’agapouses” (If You Loved Me), with lyrics by G.T. (see also here). It is titled “Le Pantalon / Η Περισκελίς” (The Trousers).
– Figure B!: From the songs “To Paraponon” (The Complaint), with lyrics by N. Mataragkas (see here), and "Mi les pos s' elismonisa" (see here και here), with lyrics by D. Tseretopoulos. Titled “L’Été / Το Θέρος” (The Summer).
– Figure C!: From the song “Apogoitefsis” (Disappointment), with lyrics by Evangelos Pantopoulos (see here and here). Titled “La Poule / Η Όρνις” (The Hen).
– Figure D!: From the songs “Tsopanopoulo” (The Little Shepherd), with lyrics by Evangelos Pantopoulos (see also here and here), and "Ela pame sta xena" (see here και here). Titled “La Pastourelle / Η Ποιμενίς” (The Shepherdess).
– Figure E!: From the song “Treli Agapi” (Mad Love), with lyrics by N. Mataragkas (see here). Titled “La Finale / Το Τελικόν” (The Finale).
On the monochrome front cover are printed the title, the composer, the note “For voice and pianoforte,” and the publisher, while on the monochrome back cover there is a catalog of musical publications from the Fexis publishing house.
The musical content of the songs is laid out in a score with a three-staff system (two for piano and one for voice), accompanied by lyrics, and includes dance movement instructions (in French and transliterated Greek).
For more about the song “Koudounakia” see here.
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