Ever since antiquity, music transcription has been the intrinsic way of visual representation of sound, sometimes in detail and sometimes in the form of a guide. Throughout time, the visual capture of music has been the only way to store and preserve it over time, but also the exclusive means of reproducing it. In any case, visual transfer should be considered as an auxiliary tool, since oral dissemination and storage in the memory of artists have been the most timeless techniques for the diffusion of music through time and space. During Europe's so-called "classical" musical period, with its most powerful centers of production, such as today's Austria, Germany, France and Italy, and especially in its path towards Romanticism, music transcription, that is, the musical score, was considered by some composers as the very embodiment of their work.

Understandably, in the modern capitalist world, music transcription, as the primary tool for the substantialization of music, brought under its purview repertoires that were not connected, were not disseminated, and did not function on the basis of their transcription. This offered to the music product sales centers an additional tool to expand their action network: non-scholar musics acquired a convenient way of circulating them, enhancing their popularity, even in places very far from those of their original creation. At the end of the 19th century, however, the phenomenon of sound recording and reproduction rearranged relationships and disrupted the status quo of publishing houses, claiming a share of the market, offering a product that was extremely complete and immediate. The publishing houses tried to react with legal measures, but it became impossible to stop the dynamics of the new phenomenon: the prevalence of commercial discography was now a fact, for most of the 20th century.

As far as non-scholar music is concerned, commercial printed musical scores were publications of the musical texts of songs or instrumental pieces (for the publishing activity in Greece see Lerch-Kalavrytinos, 2003: 4-5). For the needs of musical scores, the songs were arranged mainly (but not only) for piano or for piano and voice, generally without complex performance requirements. Multi-instrumental or technically demanding orchestrations were systematically avoided. The lyrics were printed below the notes of the melodic development of the singing parts and, sometimes, their translations into other languages. For the most part, the musical scores were two or four pages long, and came with a themed front and back cover.

This musical score contains the song "Gialla! Gialla!" from the operetta "Chalima", with music and lyrics by Theofrastos Sakellaridis.

The monochrome cover is designed with the characteristic architecture of the landscape of the exotic East, with the crescent moon at the center. Also, there is the designation "spectacular operetta in three acts".

The song falls within the scope of exoticism, under the ethnocentric lens of which the Western world came into contact, among others, with othernesses such as the peoples of the East and its musical universe. The meaning of exoticism concerns, on the one hand, the characteristics of that which is outside the sphere of identity and, on the other hand, the attraction exerted by that which has such characteristics. The widespread acceptance of the phenomenon is obvious: the multidimensional linguistic, musical and visual wealth accumulated around and within exoticism created a common stock of knowledge that perpetually feeds the collective and individual imaginary. The locations represented in exoticism, that is, the East, Latin America, Spain, Hawaii, are par excellence imaginary, disconnected from the real world. They are revealed like a theatrical stage, with alternating scenes, where fantasies are dramatized, overwhelm the senses and release intense emotions, offering the "visitor" an ideal experience, outside the limitations of the conventional world.

The frame with the four titles of the songs that come from this particular operetta is also characteristic. The title "Gialla! Gialla!", pertaining to this musical score, is underlined. This tactic was common in similar cases. Creating a single cover for two or more songs significantly reduced the cost of musical scores production.

The cover features the authors and the warning "No phonography", which brings to the fore the copyright conflict that had arisen between the hitherto exclusive medium of storage of music, that is, musical scores, and the new medium, discography.

This is a musical score with a system of three staffs (two for piano and one for voice). The song is a dialogue between the characters of Shah Ruman and Amina. Their names are written before the lyrics corresponding to each. Code Z. 511 Μ. is written at the bottom of the pages of the music text.

A version of the same musical score with a color cover was also found (see here) which presents minor variations from the edition described here.

The musical scores of the following songs have also been published from the same operetta:
– "Sechrazat" (color cover edition)
– "To fox tis Chalimas" (monochrome cover edition)
– "To tagko tis Leilas" (color cover edition)

For more about the song "Gialla Gialla" and the operetta "Chalima", see here.

Research and text: George Evangelou, Leonardos Kounadis and Nikos Ordoulidis